galihsponge

NORMALIZATION

2009-05-03T03:50:00.000-07:00

NORMALIZATION EXERCISE

ERD

Erd of the above relationship between the entities cardinality PART with entities and entity PROJECT PROJECT ternary to have an incomplete explanation. I think the relationship between the entities with the entity PROJECT PART is 1: N where one part can have many projects and one project is owned by only one part only.

Normalization 1NF

Form of normalization of ERD over as follows:

These fields obtained from the above entities except in the attribute field KONTROLPEG and LEADER. Field is obtained from the relation of 1:1 entity employees and employees of entities to entities PART.

1NF form from above and then obtained the form of 2NF normalization as follows:

Normalization 2NF

In the form of a table is 2NF separated in accordance with the Functional Dependency going.

2NF form from above and then obtained the form of 3NF normalization as follows:

Normalization 3NF

Can be seen from the above that the form of 3NF with the same form as it was when 2NF possible to attribute all forms of 2NF in the table depend only on one attribute on the table. This is in accordance with the requirements of the 3NF in one table all the attributes must be dependent on the one attribute that serves as a primary key.

DATABASE NORMALIZATION

2009-04-25T02:13:00.001-07:00

NORMALIZATION

Process Device Database (review)

- Gather user needs / business

- Develop a needs-based ER Model user / business

- Convert E-R model to the set of relations (table)

- Normalize the relations to remove anomalies

- Implemented to create a database with a table for every relationship that has been normalize

Normalization Bases Data

Normalization is process forming of data bases structure so that most ambiguity can be eliminated. Phase Normalization started from lightest phase ( 1NF) tightest till ( 5NF). Usually only up to the level of 3NF or BCNF because already sufficient to generate the table-a table of good quality.

Normalization is done to :

- Optimizing table structures

- Improving speed

- The income data is the same

- More efficient in usage of storage media

- Reduce redudancy

- Avoiding anomaly (insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, update anomalies)

- Improved Data integrity

A table saying good (efficient) or if the normal 3 to meet the following criteria :

- If there is decomposition (decomposition) table, it must be guaranteed safe the decomposition (Lossless-Join Decomposition). That is, after the table is described a new table-table, the table-table can generate a new table with the same exact.

- The looking after of depended functional at the (time) of change of data (Dependency Preservation).

- Does not violate Boyce-Code Normal Form (BCNF).

If the three criteria (BCNF) can’t be meet, then at least the table doesnt violate the Normal Form of the third stage (3rd Normal Form / 3NF).

Functional Dependency (1)

Functional Dependency depict relation of attributes in a relationship. An attribute said functionally dependant on the other, if we use the value attribute to determine the value of the other attributes. Symbol the used is,for representing dependency functional, read functionally determine.

Notation : A -> B

A and B are attributes of a table. A means of determining the functional B or B depends on A, if and only if there are 2 rows of data with the same grade of A, then B is also the same grade.

Notation : A -> B or A x-> B

It is the opposite of the previous notation.

EXAMPLE :

Functional Dependency:

NRP -> Name

(Course, NRP) -> Grade

Non Functional Dependency:

Course -> NRP

NRP -> Grade

Functional Dependency From Table Grade :

NRP -> Name

Because for each value Nrp the same, then the value of the same name

(Course, NRP) -> Grade

Because the value of attributes depending on the NRP and Course together. In another sense Course for the NRP and the same, they also rated the same, because Course and the NRP is a key (a unique).

Course -> NRP

NRP -> Grade

First Normal Form (1NF)

A table on the form said to be normal if I did not reside in the unnormalized form of a table, where there is a kind of field multiplication and field that allows a null (empty).

Is not allowed there :

- Many attributes of value (Multivalued attributes).

- Attributes composite or a combination of both.

So :

- Price is the domain attribute must be atomic rates

Example the following Student Data :

Table-the table above doesnt meet the requirements 1NF

Decomposition to be :

Student Table :

Hobby Table :

Second Normal Form (2NF)

Normal form 2NF met in a table if it meet the form of 1NF, and all the attributes than the primary key, have a full Functional Dependency on primary key. A table does not meet 2NF, if there are attributes that dependence (Functional Dependency) are only partial (only depending on the part of the primary key). If there are attributes that have no dependence on the primary key, then the attributes must be moved or removed.

- Functional dependency X -> Y is full if it is said to delete an attribute A from X means that Y is no longer dependent functional.

- Functional dependency X -> Y said if deleting a partial attribute A from X means that Y is functionally dependent.

- Relation scheme R in the form 2NF if every non-primary key attribute A € R depend on the full primary key functional R.

Example 1

The following table meet 1NF, 2NF, including but not

Doesnt meet 2NF, because (NIM, Course Code) is regarded as the primary key:

(NIM, Course Code) -> Student Name

{NIM, Course Code} -> Address

{NIM, Course Code} -> Course

{NIM, Course Code } -> Sks

{NIM, Course Code } -> Value of the letter

Table needs to be some table decomposition eligible 2NF

Functional dependency as follow:

– {NIM, Course Code } ->Value of the letter (fd1)

– NIM -> (Student Name, Address) (fd2)

– Course Code -> (Course, Sks) (fd3)

So :

– fd1 (NIM, Course Code, Value of the letter) -> Value Table

– fd2 (NIM, Student Name, Address) -> Student Table

– fd3 (Course Code, Course, Sks) -> Course Table

Third Normal Form (3NF) (1)

Normal form 3NF fulfilled if the form meets 2NF, and if there are no non-primary key attribute that has a dependence on non-primary key attributes of the other (transitive dependencies).

Table following students eligible 2NF, 3NF, but doent meet

Because there are non-primary key attribute (City and Provincial), which has a dependence on non-primary key attributes of the other (postal code)

Postal Code -> (City,Province)

Example 2

So that the table should be decomposition:

Student (NIM,Student Name, Road, Postal Code)

- Postal Code (Postal Code, Province, City)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form constraint has a stronger form of the Normal third. To be BNCF, relations must be in first normalize type and forced each of the attributes depends on the function in the super key attributes. In the example below there is a relationship seminar, is the Primary Key NPM + Seminar.
Students may take one or two seminars. Each seminar requires 2 each of the students and led by one of the 2 seminar. Each leader can only take one seminar course. NPM in this example and show a Seminar preceptor.

Relations Seminar is a form of Third Normal, but not BCNF Seminar Code because the function depends on the Preceptor, if any Preceptor can only teach a seminar. Seminar depend on one key attribute is not as super requirement by BCNF. So Seminar relations must be parsed into two namely:

Normal form of the fourth and fifth

- Relations in the fourth normal form (NF 4) if the relation in BCNF and dependency not contain many values. To remove the dependency of many values from a relation, we divide the relationship into two new relations. Each relation contains two attributes that have a lot of relationship value.

- Relations in fifth normal form (5NF) deal with the property called the join without any loss of information (lossless join). Fifth normal form (also called the 5 NF PJNF (projection join normal form). The case is very rare and appear difficult to detect in practice.

Refference :

Agus Sanjaya ER, S.Kom, M.Kom, Slide Part 6 - Database and ER-Diagram

DATABASE AND ER-DIAGRAM

2009-04-18T03:49:00.000-07:00

DATABASE AND ER-DIAGRAM

DATABASE DEFINITIONS
Database is a group of on file data in disk magnetic, disk optical or is depository of other sekunder. Inwrought collection of data-data which each other is interconnected the than a enterprise (company, governmental institution or private sector). Example:
- Manufacturing business (production planning data, data produce aktual, data ordering of material, etc)
- Hospital (patient data, doctor, nurse, etc)

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Database management system represent database aliance or corps with software of application being based on database. This application programs is used to access and look after database. Especial target of DBMS is to provide a efficient and easy environment for the usage of, to withdrawal and is depository of information and data.

BIT, BYTE, FIELD
- Bit representing part of containing smallest data of value 0 or 1.
- Byte representing corps of beets which of a kind.
- Field representing a group of byte-byte which of a kind, in data bases used by attribute term.

FIELD OR ATTRIBUTE
Field or attribute representing the nature of or characteristic from entitas providing to provide clarification of detail about entitas. A relationship also can have attribute. Example: STUDENT (NIM,NAMA,ADDRESS),CAR(PLAT_NUMBER,COLOUR,TYPE)

TYPE-TYPE ATTRIBUTE
- Single vs Multivalue:
- Single, only can fill at most one value
- Multivalue, can fill with interest from one value with same type

- Atomic vs Composition:
- Atomic, indiscrete into smaller attribute
- Composition, representing aliance from some smaller attribute

- Derived Attribute:
- Attribute which its value can be which yielded from other attribute value, for example age which yielded from attribute birthday
- Null Value Attribute:
- Attribute which don’t have value to a record

- Mandatory Value Attribute:
- Attribute which must have value

RECORD/TUPLE
Record or Tuple representing data line in a relationship. Consist of attributes corps where attributes of interaction to inform entitas or relationship completely.

ENTITAS/FILE
File represent corps of record which of a kind and have is same element, is same attribute but different each other its data.
- Type File
In application process, file can be categorized as follows:
- File Mains
- File Transaction
- File Report
- File History
- File Protector
- File Job

DOMAIN
Domain represent corps of values enabled to stay in one or more attribute. Every attribute in data bases of relasional defined by as a domain.

KEY DATA ELEMENT
Key is element of record weared to find the the record when accessing or can is also used to identify every entity/record/line.

TYPES OF KEY
- Superkey represent one or more attribute from tables of able to be used to identify entity/ record of tables uniquely (not all attribute can become superkey)
- Cadidate Key is super of key with minimum attribute. Key Candidate may not contain attribute of other tables so that key candidate beyond question superkey but not yet of course on the contrary.
- Primary Key
One of the attribute of key candidate can be selected/ to be determined to become key primary with three the following criterion:
- The Key more natural to be used as reference
- The Key more simple
- The Key well guaranted it

- Alternate Key is attribute of key candidate which is not chosen become key primary
- Foreign Key represent any attribute subjecting to key primary at other tables. Key Foreign will happened at one particular relationship owning many to one cardinality ( one to many) or many to many ( many to many). Key Foreign usually is always put down by at tables of which is flange to many
- External of Key represent attribute lexical ( or gathering of lexical attribute) which is it values always identify one object of instance

ERD (ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM)
ERD is network model using wording which is kept in system abstractionly.
Difference between DFD and ERD:
- DFD represent a[n function network model to be executed by system
- ERD represent data network model emphasizing at and structure of relationship data

ELEMENTS OF ERD
- Entity
At ER Diagram of Entity depicted with square form of length. Entity is something that there is in real system and also abstraction where on file data or where there are data
- Relationship
At ER Diagram of relationship can be depicted with a is lozenged. Relationship is natural relation that happened between entitas. In general called with elementary verb so that facilitate to do read of its relationship
- Relationship Degree
Relationship Degree is the amount of entitas participating in one relationship. Degree of which is often weared in ERD
- Attribute
Attribute is the nature of or characteristic of each and also entitas of relationship
- Cardinality
Showing optimum of tuple able to relationship with entitas at other entitas

DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP
- Unary Relationship
Unary Relationship is model of relationship that happened between entity coming from entity set same.
- Binary Relationship
Binary Relationship is model of relationship that happened between 2 entitas.
- Ternary Relationship
Ternary Relationship representing relationship between instance from 3 type of entitas unilaterally.

CARDINALITY
There are 3 relationship cardinality that is:
- One to One: Level relation one to one expressed with one occurence at first entitas, only having one relation with one occurence at second entitas conversely.
- One to Many or Many to One: Level relation one to many is equal to many to one depended from which direction of the relation seen. To one occurence at first entitas can have many relation with occurence at second entitas, if on the contrary one occurence at second entitas can only have relation with one occurence at first entitas.
- Many To Many: Happened if every occurence at a entitas have many relation with occurence at other entitas.

EXAMPLE OF CARDINALITY

NOTATION (DIAGRAM E-R)
Symbolic notation in diagram of ER is:
- Square of length express gathering of entitas
- Radian express attribute
- Rhombic of relationship gathering expressing
- Mark with lines as link between relationship gathering with gathering of entitas gathering and of Entitas with its attribute

DFD Quiz

2009-04-05T01:26:00.000-07:00

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

Data flow diagram or DFD used to depicting the division of system into smaller module, and can facilitate less comprehending user of computer area to understand system to be done.

Diagram Context

This diagram is diagram of level highest of DFD depicting system relation with external environment.

- Consist of one process and depicting scope from a system

- System limited by boundary ( depicted by dash line)

- There may not be any is depository ( storage)

Diagram Zero

This diagram is dekomposisi of context diagram.

- Depicting process of DFD

- Give a fully regarding system handled , showing existing especial process or function , data stream and of eskternal entity

- At this level is enabled by the existence of data of storage

- For the process which isn’t detailed again at level hereinafter hence enhanced by symbol ‘*’ or ‘ P’ by the end of process number

- Balance input and of output ( balancing) between diagram 0 with context diagram have to be looked after

Diagram Detailed

Diagram detailed to represent diagram elaborating process what there is in diagram zero or level above

- Level numbering on DFD

NAME of LEVEL	NAME of DIAGRAM	PROSES NUMBER
0	Context
1	Diagram 0	1.0, 2.0, 3.0, ...
2	Diagram 1.0	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, ...
3	Diagram 1.1	1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...

- In one level shall not there are more than 7 process and maximal 9, if more hence must be done dekomposisi

Specification of Process

Every process at DFD have to have the specification of process. At method level top used to depict process earn by using descriptive sentence. At more level detailed that is at process most under (primitive functional) requiring the specification of more structure. Specification of process will become guidance to programmer in making program (coding). Method which is used in specification of process: breakdown of process in the form of story, table decision, tree decision.

External Unity

External unity is something that beyond system, but he give data into system or give data of system

- Symbol with notation box

- External entity not the including the part of system

Naming:

- Name of terminal in the form of noun

- Terminal may not have the name of same except its same object it is true

Data Current

Data current Represent place emit a stream of information.

- Depicted with connective straight line component of system

- Data current shown with direction bow and line called of data current emiting a stream

- Data current emit a stream of among process, data of storage and show data current of data which in the form of input for system

Data Current 2

Naming Guiding:

- Name of data stream which consist of some word stream attributed to continued line

- There may not be any data stream which its same name and giving of name have to express its contents

- Data stream which consist of some element can be expressed with element group

- Avoid usage of word ‘ data’ and ‘ information’ to give the name at data stream

- As possible the name of data stream written is complete

Data Current 3

Other Rule:

- Name of data stream which come into a process may not is equal to name of secretory data stream of process

- Data of flow which step into or go out from data of storage needn't be called by if:

- Comprehended easy and simple data stream

- Data stream depicting all data item

- There may not be any data stream of terminal to data of storage or on the contrary because terminal non part of system, terminal relation with data of storage have to through process

PROCESS

Process represent what done by system, process can process data stream or data enter to become exit data stream.

- The process fucntion is transform one or some data become one or some output data as according to specification of which is wanted

- Every process have one or some input and also yield one or some output

- Process often is also referred as by bubble

Guidance giving process name:

- Name of process consist of noun and vb. expressing process function

- Don't use word process as part of the name of a bubble

- There may not be any some process owning the name of is same

- Process have to give number. Number sequence as possible follow process sequence or stream, but that way meaningless number sequence absolutely represent sequence process chronologically

DATA DEPOSIT

Data of Storage represent existing data repository in system. Symbol with a couple of parallel line or two line wrongly one side from other side openly. Process can take data from or give data to database.

- Naming Guiding:

- Name have to express data of storage

- If the name more than one word hence have to say the word to joint

SYMBOL DATA

DATA DICTIONARY

Function to assist perpetrator of system to interpret application in detail and organizational all used by data element is system precisely so that user and system analyst have is same congeniality base about input, output, depository and process. At analysis phase, data dictionary used as by communication means between system analyst with user. At phase scheme of system, data dictionary used to design input, database and report. Data current at DAD have the character of globally, boldness more detailed can be seen by at data dictionary.

Data dictionary load the followings:

- Name of data current: have to be noted reader to needing furthermore clarification about a data current can look for it easily

- Alias: name or alias of differ from data can be written if there are any

- Data form: used to group data dictionary into its use time scheme of system

- Data current: showing where from data emit a stream of and where data go to

- Clarification: giving clarification about meaning of data current

BALANCING IN DFD

Data stream which come into and go out from one process have to is equal to data stream which come into and go out from detail of process at level / under level. Name of data stream which come into and go out from one process have to is equal to name of data stream which enter into and go out from detail of process. Amount and name of entitas external from a process have to is equal to name and amount of entitas external from detail of process.

- Things which must be gave attention to DFD owning more than one level:

- Have to there are input balance and of output between one and level of level next

- Balance between level 0 and level 1 seen at input / output of data stream to or from terminal at level 0, while balance between level 1 and level 2 seen at input / output of data stream to / from pertinent process

- Name of data stream, data of storage terminal and at every level have to be is same if its is same object

PROHIBITION ORDER IN DFD

- Data current may not from direct external entitas go to other external entitas without passing a process

- Data current may not from direct data deposit go to external entitas without passing a process

- Data current may not from direct data deposit go to other data deposit without passing a process

- Data current from one direct process go to other process without passing a data deposit better / can possible avoided

Refference:

ER Ngurah Agus Sanjaya. Slide Part 4 - DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Fourth Quiz

2009-03-28T03:55:00.000-07:00

PERCEPTION EARLY REQUIREMENT ANALYSE

CONCEPT of INVESTIGATION SYSTEM

This System investigation here is done when there is or there is a gap in the difference (gap) between the purpose of the system and actual system conditions.

Report detect the problem do not really real

– Target too ideal

– Lacking of resource and or attitude

– System measurement less be accurate

– System target of under developed

– Difference of between system of ideal and system of whereas

Problem Solving

– System Formulation which is walk

– Ideal Getting of system consensus

– Developing Some alternative

– Chosening Best alternative

Intention of investigation is to show the problem of which in fact happened.

CONSTRAINTS OF INVESTIGATION SYSTEM

In doing the investigation of some constraint which often emerge is:

– Time

– Expense Of

– Science

– Political

– Interference

RECOMMENDATION

Result from investigation is a recommendation which compose for example:

– Doing conservancy of system

– Do not bring an action against anything,because do not be found by a problem

– Improving the ability or the skills of user

– Consider modifications to the system total

– Putting the problem to occur in the development plan system is carried out immediately

INVESTIGATION TACTICS

Tactics of investigation is needed for example:

– Can find all problem

– Knowing cause of problem appearance

– Determining correct solution

Investigation tactics must be done so that all system element can accept offer of solution without bothering their activity.

Some Tactic Can Be Do:

– Listening system user opinion

– Don’t give an early fission

– Comparing system user story about the same case

– Observation about logical inconsistency problem

INVESTIGATION TECHNICS

Direct:

– Questionnaire
– Asking and reply
– Observation

Indirect:

– Procedure flow
– Document studying
– Sample
– Tabular

CURRENT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

– Input
– Output
– File
– Data element
– Transaction volume and action document
– Data flow diagram

ANALYSIS NEEDS

Intensive interaction step between system analyst and end user, which system development team showing they are skill to get respond and trust of user, so its get a good participation.

Four objective being reachable :

– Explain complete system
– Describe ideal information system
– Bring the ideal information system to the current situation with consider about resources problem.
– Give support to user confidence to a system development

Method

– Asking and reply
– Questionnaire
– Observation
– Analysis procedure
– Document observation

Resources problem

– Time
– Money
– Skill
– Technology
– External factor

Analysis needs document

– Analysis brief : relation with end user, process monitoring, data collect problem
– User needs : truly needs, report needs, training needs and new system effect.
– System problem : explain time and cost problem, skill, technology and external factor.
– Documents, data collect instrument, statistic consensus, physical and logical data flow, starting data element on data dictionary.

GENERATING SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES

How to bring current system condition close with ideal system condition

– Make an alternative ways to solve information system problem
– The best alternative then use with wise.

Strategy choice

– Distributed versus centralized processing
– Information decision changing from centralized data processing to decentralized end user responsibility center
– Integrated versus dispersed database
– System designer must consider the data, which will be set in database and set in file.
– Surround Strategy of System Development
– Strategy environment is impotant for company take over because the information system from other company might be different with current company.

Tactical choices

Do before operational design choose

Operational design choices

Design choices can ber grouping by

Input:

– Online Vs Off Line Data Entry
– Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry
– Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry

Processing:

– Batch Vs Realtime record update
– Sequential Vs Direct Access to records
– Single Vs Multiple User update of records

Output:

– Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents
– Structured Vs Inquiry based reports

SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM

Comparing tactic : the system is compared based on cost and profit according to relative. It is 3 ways the A system can be says “more superior then other system” if:

– A have a lower cost than B, and have same profit

– A have a lower cost than B and higher profit then B

– Both of the system have same cost but A have higher profit than B.

Some method of system compare

– Break Even point Analyisis
– Payback Period
– Discounted PayBack period
– Internal Rate of Return

Cost category

– Hardware
– Software
– People
– Suppliers
– Teleccommunications
– Physical sites

Cost details

Compare system information cost from system life cycle, analysis projected some of cost change for future, and there is three model information system, liner, exponential and step function

System information cost can be once and can be continous

– System information cost, which one time is ontime cost and development cost where occur in system development

– The continous cost, one another is reccuring cost and operational cost, which this cost use for daily system information operate.

SYSTEM INFORMATION FACTOR

Qualitative factor that direct to good system information performance

– Reduce error level

– Reduce time for fix the error

– Reduce response time from alternative workstation

– Accelerate information suppliying time

– Improve system security

– Increase active record source update

– Increase user saticfaction

Company strategy factor

– Costumer satisfaction
– Increase sales level
– Consumer and vendor commitment
– Product marketing information

SYSTEM PRESENTATION LEARNING

– Short presentation
– Deduct detail explain technic
– Specific presentation with visual auxiliary
– If using a model, use auxiliary like laptop so making more informative
– Focus with advantage from information system suggestion with some existing alternative which appropriate with company condition.

THE DECISION, CONTINUE OR NOT

– If the company decide to developmney the system, then information department will do next process,its a design process sistem.
– If not, the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) will be stop.
– Frequently will be found problem with studying system and generally top management will ask to re-working with studying system
– Model will explain some stage part which repeat and sometimes information department will make decision repeating the stage before explain studying system
– With alternative, decision for repeating a SDLC stage previously or not is called Go – No –Go Decision

Refference:

Slaid PPT Pengamatan Awal, Kebutuhan Analisis; Ngurah Agus Sanjaya ER, S.KOM, M.KOM

Third Quiz

2009-03-07T02:33:00.001-08:00

1. The important of develop an information system is to mean to compile an system which to replace system old ones as a whole or improve repair system which have there is.

2. Target of in developing an information system

v Existence of problemss of arising out system old ones like :

a. Solvingproblems

Solvingprogram in system old ones cause to operate disagree with which expected. This solvingprogram can in the form of :

· Insinceritys intended causing is not peaceful company estae him and truth of data become less well guaranted

· Mistakes which not be intended able to cause the truth of from data less well guaranted.

· Inefficient of operation

· Not adhere of management wisdom which have been specified.

b. Growth of organization

Growth of organization among others requirement of information which progressively wide of, data-processing volume progressively mount, change of new accountancy principle. Caused by this change cause system old ones is not effective again.

c. To reach for opportunitys

Information technology require to be used ready to increase information so that can support in course of decision making. In a state of market compete, speed of time efficiency or information very determining success or failure of strategy which have been compiled. If the competitor can exploit company it is not, hence opportunity will fall competitor hand.

d. Existence of intruksi-intruksi

Compilation of new system earn also happened caused by instructions from the top of head and or organizational from outside like government.

3. Expectation after applying a information system is:

a. Performance, make-up of to new system job so that become more effective. Performance can be measured from and throughput of response time

b. Information, make-up of to quality of presented information

c. Economy, make-up of to advantage or benefit or decreasing cost that happened

d. Control, make-up of to operation to detect and improve;repair mistake and also insincerity which and will happened

e. Efficiency, make-up of to operation efficiency. Efficiency differ from ekonomis,efisiensi can be measured from it is divided with its input

f. Services, make-up of to service given by system

4. Principle in developing a information system is :

1. Developed system is to menajemen

After system have been developed, system have to earn to support requirement needed by management .

2. System the developed is big capital invesment

Developed information system require big capital used of recent technology, hence

each every capital infestasi have to consider two matter following :

a. All existing alternative have to the investigation of

If disregarded existing alternative and have come too far unintentionally have inculcate dama to a project of certain invesment, hence investor will lose time to inculcate its fund to other invesment. Ekonom mention it with opportunity cost term. Therefore from some existing invesment alternatip have to the investigation of to determine most beneficial or best alternative

a. Investigation of best have to be valuable

Not yet of course best alternatip represent beneficial invesment. This invesment can be told to profit if valuable with the meaning result or benefit return him bigger than expense to obtaining it

3. Developed system need one who is educated

Human being represent primary factor which it is success menetukan do not asystem, good in course of its development, its applying, and also in course of its operation. System analyst have to have education to problem of which is faced it. Because later this system analyst will communicate with and management of programer, and so it is with user of system have to represent one who educated about this system

4. Step work and duties which must be done in course of development of system

Before process development of sietem done, hence have to be made beforehand job schedule showing job steps to be done, so that process system development can be done and finish successfully as according to planned budget and time

5. Process development of system do not have to massage

Done stages steps do not have to massage, but can be done by together

6. Don fear to cancel project

Decision to continue a project or canceling it is true have to evaluate by carefully and is coherent. Doubt to continue to to continue the project of which improper again because have permeated of fund into this project will only throw away useless fund

7. documentation there must be for guidance in development of system

documentation ought to be made by when process of system development of itself still in course of, because this documentation can be yielded from result of job every step in system development

5. Model of Waterfall

Requirements give service, definition, and system target determining to through consultancy with system user. Last go to design which is process scheme of system divide conditions in hardware system and software. Determining system architecture as a whole. Hereinafter Implementation which design software realized as with refer toing program unit or program entangling verification that eachevery unit have fulfilled its specification.Afterwards to verification represent program unit or integrated individual program and tested as complete system to guarantee that conditions of system have been fulfilled. After examination of system, software sent to User.Last go to maintenance, usually represent cycle phase which at longest ( although do not ought to). system of Diinstall. Maintenance include cover correction and various error which do not be found by at previous phases, repair of system unit implementation and development of service of system.

Model of Iterasi

Initial planning make planning program . Requirements collecting requirement completely later then is later;then analysed and defined by requirement which must fulfill by program to be woke up. This phase have to be done completely to be able to yield complete desain. Analysis & design in doing after requirement have been collected completely. Mendesain program Implementation translated into codes by using Ianguage of pemrograman which have been determined. direct woke up program tested by either through unit. Testing federating of program units is later then tested as a whole ( testing system) so the last with evaluation which evaluating.

Model of Spiral

Determine determine the intention of determined phase. Strategy alternative have been prepared pursuant to risks knew, and have been planned. Going to Identify risks resolve and each;every risk analysed in detail at this sector, for example making prototype to know to incompatibility of requirement. Going to Development test and , after risk evaluation, hence system development model selected, for example if risk of user dominant interface, hence making User Interface prototype. Going to Plan iteration next the of[is Project of evaluated or ditinjau-ulang and set mind on to continue to phase of loop hereinafter or do not. If continuing to next phase of plan for loop hereinafter.

6. Approach in approach a system

1. Classic approach of opponent approach of structure

Classic approach emphasize that development of system will succeed if following phase in cycle life systems. Approach of structure try to provide to analysis of system additional of techniques and appliances for the development of system beside remain to follow idea of cycle life systems

2. Approach of rasher fight against approach of system

Approach Piecemeal, selected application or activity, to be developed by regardless of its position in information system or regardless of target of[is overall of organization. Approach Systems paying attention information system as one unity integrated to the each activity or its application which emphasize at goal achievement of is overall of from organization

3. Approach under going up approach opponent to the going down

Approach Bottom-up started from formulation of requirements to handle transaction and climb level to the by formulating requirement of information pursuant to transaction. Approach Top-down started by identifying organization wisdom and target hereinafter to analyse requirement of information, hence process go down to transaction process

4. modular Approach the against fight Total-system of approach

Approach Total-system represent approach developing system at a time by totally is. Modular of approach try to solve complicated system become some part so that system will be more is easy to comprehended and developed

5. Approach of jumping movement far fight against approach expand

Loop approach Great apply change totally at a time use sophisticated technology. Approach Evolutionary cause invesment do not too costly and can keep abreast of technology which quickly, so that used technology do not quickly become worn outly

7. Methodologies is unitys of methods, procedures, work concepts, postulates and orders used by a science, artistic or the other discipline.

Algorithm is procedure sequences for this trouble-shooting.

Method is a way of systematic technique to do something

8. Explaining the three classification of development methodologies

1. Decomposition methodologies Functional

This methodologies emphasize at resolving of system into smaller subsistem-subsistem, so that will be more easy to to be comprehended, to be designed and applied. Which included in this methodologies group:

· Plus HIPO(hierarchy of input-process-output)

· Refinement(Sr Stepwise) or revinement(ISR stepwise iterative)

· Information-Hiding

2. Data of Oriented methodologies

This methodologies emphasize at characteristic of data to be processed. This methodologies is grouped into two class that is data of flow methodologies oriented data of structure methodologies oriented

3. Methodologies Presciptive

- ISDOS

Usefulness of ISDOS is to automatization process development of information system. ISDOS have two component that is PSL ( a Ianguage to note requirement of user in the form of machine-readable) and PSA ( software package which loo like with data dictionary used to check included data which is kept and which is analysed to be to be yielded as report output )

- PLEXSYS

Usefulness of PLEXSYS is to do transformasi a[n high level computer Ianguage statemen to a executable to hardware kofigurasi which wanted.

- PRIDE

Representing a[n better inwrought software for analyst / designed by structure system, data menajemenn, menajemen of is project of and documentation.

- SDM / 70

Representing a[n software contain with method corps, estimation, documentasi and guide of administration of gunba assist user to develop and take care of effective system.

- SPECTRUM

This Software have some version for is different, a kind of SPECTRUM-1 ( for the life of koncensional cycle), SPECTRUM-2 ( for the system of management of[is project of structure) and SPECTRUM-3(UNTUKON-LINE estimator interactive)

- SRES and of SREM

SRES requirement of user expressed by in RSL ( language statement requirement). Definition of RSL later then can be analysed by using REVS ( system validation and engineering requirement). Methodologies constitutoing software in mentioning SREM ( merthodologi engineering requirement software).

9. Mentioning tool for develop a graph system

a. Diagram HIPO, used as by methodologies of HIPO and the other methodologies

b. data of Flow diagram, used by in methodologies of structured design and analylis systems

c. Chat Structured, used by in methodologies of systems design and analysis

d. Diagram SADT, used by in methodologies of SADT

e. Warnier / diagram orr, used by in methodologies of Warnier / orr

f. Diagram Jakson's, used by in methodologies of Jackson development system

Appliances development of system which in form of schema

1. charting activity

a. flowchart systems

b. program of flowchart: program of logic flowchart, program computer detailed of flowchart

c. flowchart paperwork

d. database of relationship flowchart

e. flowchart process

f. chart gantt

2. charting layout

3. personal of chartin relationship

a. chart distribution working

b. chart organization

10. Explaining technique used by in develop a system

a. technique of menajemen the project of , that is CPM ( method path critical ) and PERT ( program of evaluation technique review and). This technique is used by for schedulling project

b. techniques finding fact, that is technique able to be used to collect data and find facts in activity study existing system. Between him of interview, observation, questionnaires, sampling

c. analyst technique of is expense of or benefit

d. technique to run meeting

e. inspection technique / walkthrough

11. Analyst analysis systems who one is Systems ( wearer system of requirement the determine and out arising of problem learning) occasion the to have which resolving the identify to.

Programmer of Is program code the write who one of to analyst system a by made been have which develop build device to pursuant application certain a

1. Knowledge and membership about data-processing technique of technology of computer and pemrograman of computer

Technical membership which must have is the including membership in usage of technique and appliance

Technical knowledge which must have to cover knowledge about is hardware, data communications technology, computer Ianguage, operating system, software package and utilities

2. Knowledge about business in general

Knowledge about this business cover financial accounting, cost accounting, accounting management, system operation of management, marketing, production, and other aspects.

3.Pengetahuan about quantitative method

In developing application models, system analyst using many quantitative method

4.Keahlian pemechan of problem

System analyst have to have ability to put down problems, breaking problem, analysing and later;then stringing up it become a[n system.

5.Keahlian communications between personnel

Analyst have to have membership in communicating in verbally and also in writing

6. Membership construct relation between personnel

Analyst have to have membership in constructing relation between other personnel of will make its work become effectively.

Refference:

A Ziya Aktas, Structured Analysis & Design of Informations System. (NJ: Prentice-Hall,1987),

chapter 2-4,3-16.

Chris Gano dan Trish Sarson, Structured Systems Analysis: Tools and Techniques,

(NJ: Prentice Hall, 1979), chapter 1

Pressman, Roger.S. "Software Engineering : A Practioner's Approach." 4th . McGrawHill. 1997